Home Videos Test Story BBS Chat Exchange Users
  • Real English
  • Daily English
  • Workplace English
  • Business English
  • For Kids
  • Funny
  • IELTS


  • Speaking
  • Pronunciation
  • Grammar
  • Listening
  • Rock Music
  • Memes & Viral
  • TOEFL



  • TOEFL Listening Test 206 Conversation on American Football

    01
    TOEFL Listening Test 206 Conversation on American Football

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 1 & 2

    01
    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 1 & 2

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 3 & 5

    01
    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 3 & 5

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 4 & 6

    01
    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 4 & 6

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Writing Question 1 – Integrated Writing Task

    01
    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Writing Question 1 – Integrated Writing Task

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Writing Question 2 – Independent Writing Task

    01
    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Writing Question 2 – Independent Writing Task

    TOEFL - Conversation about a Theater History Class

    01
    TOEFL - Conversation about a Theater History Class

    TOEFL - Lecture on Entomology

    01
    TOEFL - Lecture on Entomology

    TOEFL iBT – Test Day

    01
    TOEFL iBT – Test Day

    TOEFL iBT Resources

    01
    TOEFL iBT Resources

    01

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 1 & 2

    Part - Speaking
    Learn about how to answer Questions 1 & 2 on the TOEFL Speaking test.
    For both questions, you will have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to speak your response.
    Question 1 – Speak about a familiar person, place, object, or event.
    Question 2 – You will be given two positions or opinions. Choose one which you agree with, and speak your answer.

    01

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 3 & 5

    Part – Speaking
    Learn about the Integrated speaking sections that talk about campus situations.
    Question 3 – You read a passage about a campus-related topic. Then, you will listen to a response to that topic. You have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak your answer. You will be asked the opinion of the person in the listening passage. Explain how what the person says relates to the information in the reading passage.
    Question 5 – Listen to part of a conversation, then you’ll have 2 seconds for a response. Then you will have 60 seconds to say your response. Describe your own solution to a campus problem.

    01

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Speaking Questions 4 & 6

    Part – Speaking
    Learn about how to pass Questions 4 & 6 questions about academic courses.
    Question 4 – Read a passage about an academic subject, then listen to a lecture about the same topic. You then have 30 seconds to prepare your answer and 60 seconds to say your response. This will be about an important term or idea in an introductory university course.
    Question 6 – Listen to part of a lecture. You have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak your answer. This will be a summary of the lecture. This is an excerpt from a lecture on an academic topic

    01

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Writing Question 1 – Integrated Writing Task

    Part – Writing
    Learn about the Integrated Writing Task. You will have 3 minutes to read a passage about a topic. Then, listen to a lecture arguing against the reading passage. You then will have 20 minutes to write your response. An effective response has between 150 and 225 words.

    01

    Inside the TOEFL iBT Test – Writing Question 2 – Independent Writing Task

    Part – Writing
    Learn about the Independent Writing Task. You will be given a question and you will give an opinion on an issue. Most questions will ask if your preference, if you agree or disagree, or if you support an opinion. You have 30 minutes to write your response. Good responses are generally 300+ words. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

    01

    TOEFL iBT – Test Day

    Part –The Testl
    On test day, bring your id with your name, signature, and photograph. Make sure your id is up-to-date. Schedule your test date by going to www.toeflanywhere.org. Cell phones are not allowed in the test center. Only your id is allowed in the testing room. TCA or Test Center Administrators will do a pre-test interview. You are required to sign a confidentiality agreement and you will have your picture taken. Raise your hand if you have any question during the test. TCA’s will also give you pencils and paper. You will be escorted then to your testing seat. Watch to learn the next steps.

    01

    TOEFL iBT Resources

    Part – The Test l
    Learn how to plan your study abroad experience and how to get there. Learn how to navigate how to use www.toeflgoanywhere.org. This is a tutorial for the TOEFL Journey program. Watch to learn more resources for learning and preparing for the TOEFL test.

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (01)

    Learn the idioms – (as) cheap as dirt, (as) dry as a bone, a breath of fresh air, a couple of, a lack of, a man of his word, able to make something, absent without leave, according to, account for, after a while, after all, ahead of, ahead of the game, aid and abet someone, along with, all at once, all day long, all or nothing, all right, all night with someone, all the same, all thumbs, all worked up, amount to, any minute, apply to, approve of, as a matter of fact, as a result, as far as, as far as possible, as for, as long as, ask a favor of, assault and battery, at a glance, at all costs, at any cost, at any moment, at any rate, at first sight, at least, at loose ends, attract someone’ s attention, avoid someone or something like the plague, away from one’s desk, back and forth, back someone or something up, back up, back to back, bail someone or something out, balance the account, balance the books, battle something out, be a thorn in someone’s side, be accustomed to, be all eyes.
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (02)

    Learn the Idioms – be at a loss, be attached to, be busy with, be capable of, be close to, be equal to, be familiar with, be famous for, be fed up with, be forced to, be full of, be good at, be known as, be late for, be liable to, be lost, be obliged to, be on good terms with, be open to, be opposed to, be proud of, be responsible for, be satisfied with, be second to none, be subject to, be superior to, be the spit and image of someone, be the teacher’s pet, be tied up, be tired of, be to blame, be true of, be typical of, be used to, be well off, be worth of, be wrong with someone / something, bear in mind, beat a path to someone’s door, beat around the bush, beat someone up, beat the pants off someone, beauty is only skin deep, behind schedule, be impressed by, best part of something, bite one’s nails, blame A for B, blessing in disguise, blow a fuse, blow up, bone of contention, born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth, bottle something up, break even, break in, break out, break out in a rash, break up
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (03)

    Learn the Idioms – bright and early, bring someone around, bring someone or something out in droves, bring someone to, bring up, brush off, brush up, buck for something, buck up, bug someone, bundle of nerves, burst into (tears), by (any) chance, by a mile, by accident, by mistake, by the dozen, by the time, by the way, call back, call in, call it a day, call off, call on, call up, care for, carry out, cash a check, catch (a) cold, catch one’s breath, catch someone’s eye and get someone’s eye, catch up, clear the air, clear up, come across, come around, come down to something, come face to face with something, come from, come from far and wide, come in a body, come into one’s own, come of age, come on somehow, come on the scene, come out, come someone’s way, come through, come to, come to a bad end, come to do, come to nothing, come to one’s senses, come to terms, come to the (a) conclusion
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (04)

    Learn the Idioms – come to the fore, come true, come unglued, come up, come up in the world, come with the territory, complain about, cool off/cool down, cope with, count sheep, cover much / a lot of ground, cover up, create a stink, cross fingers, cross swords, cross that bridge when one comes to it, cry over spilt milk, cut back (on) / cut down to, cut both ways, cut class, cut corners, cut in, cut off, cut up, chances are that, change someone’s mind, chase (after) rainbows, check out, checks and balances, cheer up, cheesed off, chilled to the bone, day after day, day and night, dead and buried, dead to the world, deal with, depend on, desert a sinking ship, devote oneself to, die of, dime a dozen, do harm, do it oneself, do someone (great) favor, do someone a good turn, do without, don’t let someone or something get you down, draw interest, drive someone crazy, drive someone up the wall, drop by, drop in the ocean/drop in the bucket, drop someone a line/note, drop something like a hot potato / coal, duck and cover, do it oneself, either feast or famine
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (05)

    Learn the idioms – equal to someone or something, every now and then, except for, expecting (a baby), explain why, explain oneself, express oneself, face the music, fair and square, fall all over oneself, fall asleep, fall back on, fall behind, fall in love with, fall into place, fall out, fall over backwards, fall short of, fall up on someone or something, far from, fed up, feel at home, feel one’s age, feel out of place, few and far between, fiddle around with someone, figure out, fill a prescription, fill in, fill out (fill in, fill up), fill up, find fault (with), first things first, fit to be tied, flash in the pan, fly off the handle, foam at the mouth, follow suit, follow the crowd, fool around with someone or something, for crying out loud, for fear of something, for good measure, for kicks, for one’s (one) part, for sale, for openers and for starters, for real, for short, free and easy, from pillar to post, from day to day, from way back, gain ground, gang up, gend a hand with something, get a hold of someone or something, get acquainted with
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (06)

    Learn the idioms – get a hand with something, give a hand, get a hold of something, get acquainted with, get ahead, get along, get along (in years), get away, get butterflies in one’s stomach, get cold feet, get even with, get goose bumps, get gray hairs, get in someone’s hair, get into an argument, get into full swing, get into high gear, get mad at someone or something, get off someone’s case, get on one’s feet, get on someone, get on someone’s nerves, get one’s ducks in a row, get one’s foot in the door, get one’s hooks into someone or something, get over, get someone’s goat, get the inside track, get the jump on someone, get the upper hand, get the works, get through, get to first base, get together, get under someone’s skin, get worked up, give (someone) a lift, give a hand, give a ring, give a way, give in, give someone a head start, give someone a pain, give someone the business, give someone the eye, give up, give vent to something, get the works, go / be places, go along with someone, go AWOL, go bad, go by, go chase oneself, go down, go Dutch, go fly a kite, go it alone, go off
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (08)

    Learn the idioms – out cold and out like a light, out in force, out of circulation, out of date, out of kilter, out of line, out of order, out of print, out of season, out of sight, out of stock, out of this world, out of touch with, out of town, out of turn, over and above something, over the hill, over the top, pain in the neck, past someone’s prime, pat on the back, pave the way, pay as one go(es), pay attention to, pay back, pay day, pay for, pay one’s dues, pay phone, pay someone’s way, peace and quiet, pick someone up, pick a quarrel, pick on someone your own size, pick someone’s brains, pick up, pack away, pick up the pieces, pile something up, pile up, play hooky, pop the cork, precious few/precious little, pretend to, pretty as a picture, prevent from, pride goes before a fall, prior to, pick something up, play footsie (with someone), play hard to get, play dumb, play the market, play up to someone, put ideas into someone’s head, put someone to sleep, put something down, put something in, put something into words, pick up the pieces
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (09)

    Learn the idioms – pull something off, put something on the line, put something plainly, pull a fast one, pull a stunt (on someone), pull someone through (something), pull someone’s leg, pull the wool over someone’s eyes, put someone in the picture, put someone to bed, put someone down (for something), put someone off, put words into someone’s mouth, put something down, put something down in black and white, but something to bed, put something together, put something to rest, play cat and mouse (with someone), possessed by something, power behind the throne, powers that be, put on, put on an act, put someone on, but something over (on someone), put the clamps on (someone), put the heat on (someone), put something on hold, put something on ice, put one’s back (in) to something, put one’s hand to the plow, put oneself in someone else’s place, put one’s hand on something, put one’s two cents (worth) in, play on something, pull strings, put the arm on someone, putty in someone’s hands, put weight on, quick and dirty, quick on the trigger, quick on the uptake, quite a bit, race against time, rain cats and dogs, rain or shine, raise an objection (to someone or something), raise one’s voice (to someone), raise some eyebrows, rally (a) round someone or something, ramble on, rant and rave (about someone or something), raring to go, rat on someone
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (10)

    Learn the idioms – rat race, rate with someone, reach for the sky, read between the lines, see about, see eye to eye, see no objection, see off, see to it that, see someone at home, see to someone or something, sell out, set off, set up, set upon someone or something, shake hands on something, shake in one’s shoes, shake someone up, share A with B, short-handed, shot in the arm, shot through with something, show off, show up, shy away, shy away from, sick and tired of someone, single file, sit up and take notice, skip out (on someone or something), smack dab in the middle, small-time, so be it, so far, so far so good, so far as, so late, come within an inch of doing something, something else, sooner or later, sort of something, short of something, square someone or something away, stack something up, stand by, stand on one’s own (two) feet / legs, stay up late, steamed up, steer clear of someone or something, step into someone’s shoes, step-by-step, stop A from B, strangely enough, strike a bargain, strike out at someone or something, subscribe to, succeed into
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (11)

    Learn the idioms – suffer from, sweat blood, take part, take a hand in something, take a punch at someone, take a whack at someone, take advantage of, take after, take care of, take control of, take charge of, take for granted, take issue with someone, take it easy, take it for granted (that), take it or leave it, take kindly of something, take off, take place, take sides, take someone apart, take something apart, take someone to the cleaners, take someone up on something, take someone’s breath away, take something out on someone or something, take the bitter with the sweet, take turns, talk someone down, tear into someone or something, tear one’s hair out, thanks to, thank makes two of us, there are plenty of other fish in the sea, throw a fit, thumbs up, tide someone over, tie someone down, to a great extent, to boot, to one’s heart content, to the contrary, too big for one’s britches, too much of a good thing, top something off, take down, try someone’s patience, turn out, turn over, turn something down, turn something to good account, turn something to one’s advantage, turn up, under construction, under fire, under the weather, up and coming, up for grabs, up in years, up to no good
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Idioms (12)

    Learn the idioms – ups and downs, under construction, under way, up to, up to date, upside down, vent one, wait and see, wait on someone hand and foot, walk all over someone, walk out on someone, wash one’s hands of someone or something, want for, wear away (off), with care, with difficulty, work for, worth (one’s) while doing, would rather do, write down, wear and tear, walk down, wear more than one hat, wear on someone, weasel out, wet behind the ears, what’s done is done, wheel and deal, wipe the floor with, with a car, with sorrow, with it, without, within reason, won’t hold water, won’t listen, work like magic, work one’s way up, work someone or something in, work someone over, worm one’s way out of something, wouldn’t touch something with a ten-foot pole, wake up and smell the roses, Wall Street, way out, weak in, week out, well off, while away, whether or not, white lie, wipe out, wipe the smile off someone’s face, yell at, year in, year out, year after year, yield to, you and yours, you can say that again, you know, you said it
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Grammar (01)

    Learn how to use – articles, prepositions, relatives, adjectives, adverbial modifiers, proper verb use, gerunds, word order, appositive, parallel structure, comparatives, comparative structures, fixed collocation, conjunctions, predicates, superfluous words, standard structures, horizontal structures, incorrect word usage, prepositional use, pronouns, subject predicate agreement
    Key words include - A, it is a, although a, there is a, such, more, as, than, it grows, what grows, does it grow, what does it grow, bridge-building, building of buildings, building a bridge, bridges are built, contrary to general belief, general belief contrary to, belief contrary to general, contrary belief general to, Barbara Jordan’s campaign being, Barbara Jordan campaigned, campaigning for Barbara Jordan, Barbara Jordan campaigning, are influenced, be influenced, influencing, influence, occurs, will occur, can occur, occurring, all lamps early, lamps all early, all early lamps, early all lamps, leading astronomer who, who, as a leading astronomer, was a leading astronomer, a leading astronomer, the stress it is greater, greater is the stress, greater stress is, the greater the stress, how, of, by which, for it, coolest, the coolest, cooler, the cooler, far too, far end, so far, as far as, because, if, when, and
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Grammar (02)

    Learn how to use – gerunds, adverbial clauses, comparative structures, negatives, predicate verbs, articles, predicate verbs, word order, special sentence patterns, relation words, verb tenses, simple sentence structures, inverted structures, participles, proper pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, nouns, horizontal structures, predicate verbs, subject predicate agreement, fixed collocations, modal nouns, correct pronoun usage, proper use of nouns
    Key words include – travel, to travel, traveling them, traveling, than the higher density, higher than the density, the density is higher than that, the higher the density, none, no, not, nor, need, needing, to need, was needed, the, there is a, that the, as the, than cane sugar does, does cane sugar, cane sugar, than can sugar, can be drawn, can draw, to draw, drawn, influence worldwide a great, a great worldwide influence, influence a great worldwide, a worldwide influence great, it is estimate that, an estimate that, that is estimated, that the estimate, which, which in, in which, in, to emerge, emerging, has emerged, emerged, enzymes, enzymes are, enzymes which are, enzymes while they, lies the city of Elizabeth, the city of Elizabeth lies, around the city of Elizabeth lies, there lies the city of Elizabeth around, is a very controversial field, which a very controversial field is, a very controversial field, a field very controversial which, in 1827 the drafted, the draft in 1827, in 1827 was drafted, drafted in 1827
    This teacher speaks Chinese and English. For non-Chinese speaking listeners, just ignore the Chinese. Or, learn Chinese if you want to!

    01

    TOEFL Test Grammar (03)

    Learn how to use – attributive clauses, adverbial modifiers, objective clauses, fundamental structures, gerunds, fixed collocatives, fixed collocations, predicates, pronouns, comparative structures, appositives, participle structures, horizontal structures, verb tenses, infinitives, incorrect word usage, verbs in singular forms, verbs in plural forms, proper noun use, relatives, articles, nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, superfluous words, subject predicate agreement, articles, word order, singular forms, plural forms
    Key words include – does not dissolve, do not dissolve, not dissolving, not dissolved, their, since their, it is their, because of their, what causes them to, causes them to what, what to cause them, what cause to them, atmospheric conditions that, conditions are atmospheric, are atmospheric conditions, atmospheric conditions, the Hudson’s Bay Company founded Vancouver, Washington, in the early nineteenth century, the founding of Vancouver, Washington, by the Hudson’s Bay company in the early nineteenth century, Vancouver, Washington, was founded by the Hudson’s Bay company in the early nineteenth century, in the early nineteenth century with the founding of Vancouver, Washington, by the Hudson’s Bay Company, transform, transforming, being transformed, when transforming, than inventing, than as the inventor, the inventor, as the inventor, and becomes, became, becoming, to become, dissimilar, different, not likely, unlike, its, so it, but its, it is, rays more than infrared, rays are more infrared than, more than infrared rays, more infrared rays than, the distance is, that the distance is, is that the distance, the distance, apparently, are apparently, apparently their, are they apparently, reference to the imitation theory is popular, the imitation theory is popularly referred to, is the reference to the popular imitation theory, popularly referred to as the imitation theory, that it spends, for spending, and it spends, will spend

    01

    TOEFL Speaking Strategy

    Test - TOEFL
    Part - Speaking
    This teacher has good strategies, but makes grammatical errors - forgetting plural forms.
    American English

    01

    TOEFL Speaking Question 1 Examples

    Test - TOEFL
    Part - Speaking
    This video shoes students answering the TOEFL speaking question. You have 45 seconds to answer a basic personal preference question.
    American English

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 101 Lecture on Business - Business Organizations (Lecture)

    Are you preparing to go study abroad in an English-speaking country? You'll probably have to take one of the big tests like TOEFL or IELTS. Even if you're not planning to go, but just want to improve your English, go ahead and start practicing your skills! This lecture is about business organization.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 102 Conversation about Test Scores and Study Methods (Conversation)

    This is for the TOEFL Listening portion of the test.
    Listen to part of a conversation between a student and a professor about the student's test scores and study method. Go slowly if you need to and don't be afraid to pause and listen to a part of the lecture again.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 103 - Lecture on American History - The Settlement of the American Colonies (Lecture)

    Don't worry if you miss the answers the first time through. These exercises are pratice. You may need to improve your listening and vocabulary skills. Listen to a lecture from an American history lecture. This talk is about settlers in the early American colonies.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 104 - Lecture on Biology - Algae (Lecture)

    Have you ever seen the green stuff on top of lakes or ponds in the late summer?
    That's algae - a very small plant that grows on water surfaces.
    Listen to a biology lecture on the special characteristics of algae.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 105 - Lecture on Astronomy

    The TOEFL test is an examination on a wide range of possible topics you MIGHT study in university.
    Even though you may not be interested in these subjects, you are STILL required to know A LOT of English!
    Listen to a lecture on Astronomy.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 106 - Conversation - Campus Job Interview

    Ever wonder about getting a part-time job while being a student?
    Most university campuses have Student Employment offices where you might be able to find opportunities.
    Listen to a conversation about a student wanting to get a part-time job.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 201 - Lecture - Archaeological Sites

    Do you know what archaeologists do? Probably the coolest job ever! Digging up bones!
    Even if you're not preparing for the TOEFL exam, take a listen and see if your English is up to par
    This lecture is about archaeology and some findings in an African nation.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 202 - Conversation - Admission Counseling (Conversation)

    Are you looking to attend a university in another country?
    You will need to become familiar with the admissions process.
    In this conversation, learn listen to a student talk to an admissions counselor.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 203 History Lecture - Background of the Constitution

    We hold these truths to be evident, that all men are created equal! Sorry, that's the wrong document! That's the American Declaration of Independence from Britain. This talk is about the other important document in U.S. history - the constitution.
    Listen to a professor talk about the background of this monumental document!

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 204 Lecture on Biology - The Circulatory System

    Are you familiar with all of the different systems in your body? This lecture is about one of them - the circulatory system. This is composed of an organ system that allows blood to transport nutrients to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature, and more! Take a listen and test your skills!

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 205 - Art Appreciation Class - French Landscape Artists

    Are you a fan of modern art? You probably are, but you just don't know it. Even teh buildings and parks you enjoy everyday may be considered a kind of art, in that a landscape artist or architect probably designed them with artistic elements.

    01

    TOEFL Listening Test 206 Conversation on American Football

    Do you like football? Well, which football are you talking about - American or International (soccer)? Be careful when talking with Americans and Canadians, as "football" will mean "soccer" to them. And only little girls play soccer (according to many Americans)!

    01

    TOEFL - Lecture on Entomology

    If you haven't yet, you MUST watch David Attenborough's documentaries on the BBC. He is the world-famous Entomologist that explains beautifully natural phenomenon.
    This is a quick lecture about Entomology - or the study of insects.

    01

    TOEFL - Conversation about a Theater History Class

    Going to university is not as easy as just going to class. You will have to learn about how to register and calculate the credits needed for your major(s) and minor(s). Listen to this example conversation to learn more about how to navigate your own academic experience.